Berger
A male academic reinforced Mulvey's arguments:
"Men act and women appear"
"Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at."
"Women are aware of being seen by a male spectator".
"Men act and women appear"
"Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at."
"Women are aware of being seen by a male spectator".
Butler
A queer theorist, Butler argues that the gender binary itself is a means of control and artificial. She argues that there is no natural male or female way of being, rather we are conditioned or socialised to behave in a conventionally male or female way. Constant media exposure to normative representation is a major means of this. Her 'performativity of gender' theory argues that we actually perform gender, a role we haven't learnt.
Queer: A term of abuse that has been used by LGBT campaigners, in academic terms it denotes LGBT thinkers who reject traditional boundaries and definitions. If a hegemonic notion or concept has been undermined and boundaries blurred, it can be said to have been queered.
A queer theorist, Butler argues that the gender binary itself is a means of control and artificial. She argues that there is no natural male or female way of being, rather we are conditioned or socialised to behave in a conventionally male or female way. Constant media exposure to normative representation is a major means of this. Her 'performativity of gender' theory argues that we actually perform gender, a role we haven't learnt.
Queer: A term of abuse that has been used by LGBT campaigners, in academic terms it denotes LGBT thinkers who reject traditional boundaries and definitions. If a hegemonic notion or concept has been undermined and boundaries blurred, it can be said to have been queered.
Baudrillard
Baudrillard Society is so reliant on representations we have lost contact with the real. This leads to hyper-reality. Baudrillard, a french postmodern philosopher, argued that Disneyland is the REAL America. He claims that media domination is now so profound that we cannot perceive anything without unconsciously processing signifiers we've already encountered through our media exposure. He labels media representations of reality as simulacra.
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